diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ce4d601..6a3c612 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -793,16 +793,14 @@ Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data cente
Explain what is CloudFormation
-#### AWS Costs
-
-
-Are you familiar with Cost Explorer tool? Have you used it? What for exactly?
-
-
#### AWS CloudFront
-Explain what is CloudFront and what is it used for
+Explain what is CloudFront
+
+AWS definition: "Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) service that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to customers globally with low latency, high transfer speeds, all within a developer-friendly environment."
+
+More on CloudFront [here](https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront)
@@ -810,8 +808,7 @@ Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data cente
* Origin
* Edge location
- * Distribution
-
+ * Distribution
@@ -830,7 +827,29 @@ True
A transport solution which was designed for transferring large amounts of data (petabyte-scale) into and out the AWS cloud.
-##### AWS Load Balancers
+##### AWS ELB
+
+
+What is ELB (Elastic Load Balancing)?
+
+AWS definition: "Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, IP addresses, and Lambda functions."
+
+More on ELB [here](https://aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing)
+
+
+
+What is auto scaling?
+
+AWS definition: "AWS Auto Scaling monitors your applications and automatically adjusts capacity to maintain steady, predictable performance at the lowest possible cost"
+
+Read more about auto scaling [here](https://aws.amazon.com/autoscaling)
+
+
+
+True or False? Auto Scaling is about adding resources (such as instances) and not about removing resource
+
+False. Auto scaling adjusts capacity and this can mean removing some resources based on usage and performances.
+
What types of load balancers are supported in EC2 and what are they used for?
@@ -840,10 +859,14 @@ A transport solution which was designed for transferring large amounts of data (
* Classic LB - low costs, good for test or dev environments
-##### AWS Security
+#### AWS Security
-What is the shared responsibility model? In other words, what AWS is responsible for and what the user is responsible for in regards to Security?
+What is the shared responsibility model? What AWS is responsible for and what the user is responsible for based on the shared responsibility model?
+
+The shared responsibility model defines what the customer is responsible for and what AWS is responsible for.
+
+More on the shared responsibility model [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model)
@@ -855,6 +878,7 @@ A transport solution which was designed for transferring large amounts of data (
* AWS Inspector
* AWS Artifact
+ * AWS GuardDuty
* AWS Shield
@@ -876,21 +900,25 @@ A transport solution which was designed for transferring large amounts of data (
True
+
+What is AWS Key Management Service (KMS)?
+
+AWS definition: "KMS makes it easy for you to create and manage cryptographic keys and control their use across a wide range of AWS services and in your applications."
+More on KMS [here](https://aws.amazon.com/kms)
+
+
#### AWS Databases
-What is Amazon RDS?
+What is AWS RDS?
-What are some features or benefits of using RDS?
-
-1. Multi AZ - great for Disaster Recovery
-2. Read Replicas - for better performances
+What is AWS DynamoDB?
-What is AWS Redshift and how its different than RDS?
+What is AWS Redshift and how is it different than RDS?
@@ -903,7 +931,7 @@ True
-What is Amazon ElastiCache? For what cases it used?
+What is AWS ElastiCache? For what cases is it used?
Amazon Elasticache is a fully managed Redis or Memcached in-memory data store.
It's great for use cases like two-tier web applications where the most frequently accesses data is stored in ElastiCache so response time is optimal.
@@ -912,7 +940,7 @@ It's great for use cases like two-tier web applications where the most frequentl
What is Amazon Aurora
-A MySQL & Postgresql based relational database.
+A MySQL & Postgresql based relational database. Also, the default database proposed for the user when using RDS for creating a database.
Great for use cases like two-tier web applications that has a MySQL or Postgresql database layer and you need automated backups for your application.
@@ -922,20 +950,6 @@ Great for use cases like two-tier web applications that has a MySQL or Postgresq
#### AWS Networking
-
-What is AWS Direct Connect?
-
-Allows you to connect your corporate network to AWS network.
-
-
-
-What is Route 53?
-
-"Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable cloud Domain Name System (DNS) web service"
-
-More on Route 53 [here](https://aws.amazon.com/route53)
-
-
What is VPC?
@@ -987,6 +1001,12 @@ False.
Read more about it [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-security-groups.html) and [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/VPC_SecurityGroups.html)
+
+What is AWS Direct Connect?
+
+Allows you to connect your corporate network to AWS network.
+
+
#### Identify the service or tool
@@ -1053,20 +1073,135 @@ AWS Database Migration Service
AWS CloudTrail
+
+What would you use for SQL database?
+
+AWS RDS
+
+
+
+What would you use for NoSQL database?
+
+AWS DynamoDB
+
+
+#### AWS DNS
+
+
+What is Route 53?
+
+"Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable cloud Domain Name System (DNS) web service..."
+Some of Route 53 features:
+ * Register domain
+ * DNS service - domain name translations
+ * Health checks - verify your app is available
+
+More on Route 53 [here](https://aws.amazon.com/route53)
+
+
+#### AWS Monitoring & Logging
+
+
+What is AWS CloudWatch?
+
+AWS definition: "Amazon CloudWatch is a monitoring and observability service..."
+
+More on CloudWatch [here](https://aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch)
+
+
+
+What is AWS CloudTrail?
+
+AWS definition: "AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance, operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account."
+
+Read more on CloudTrail [here](https://aws.amazon.com/cloudtrail)
+
+
+
+What is Simply Notification Service?
+
+AWS definition: "a highly available, durable, secure, fully managed pub/sub messaging service that enables you to decouple microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications."
+
+Read more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sns)
+
+
+
+Explain the following in regards to SNS:
+
+ * Topics
+ * Subscribers
+ * Publishers
+
+ * Topics - used for grouping multiple endpoints
+ * Subscribers - the endpoints where topics send messages to
+ * Publishers - the provider of the message (event, person, ...)
+
+
+#### AWS Billing & Support
+
+
+What is AWS Organizations?
+
+AWS definition: "AWS Organizations helps you centrally govern your environment as you grow and scale your workloads on AWS."
+More on Organizations [here](https://aws.amazon.com/organizations)
+
+
+
+Explain AWS pricing model
+
+It mainly works on "pay-as-you-go" meaning you pay only for what are using and when you are using it.
+In s3 you pay for 1. How much data you are storing 2. Making requests (PUT, POST, ...)
+In EC2 it's based on the purchasing option (on-demand, spot, ...), instance type, AMI type and the region used.
+
+More on AWS pricing model [here](https://aws.amazon.com/pricing)
+
+
+
+How one should estimate AWS costs when for example comparing to on-premise solutions?
+
+* TCO calculator
+* AWS simple calculator
+* Cost Explorer
+
+
+
+What basic support in AWS includes?
+
+* 24x7 customer service
+* Trusted Advisor
+* AWS personal Health Dashoard
+
+
#### AWS Misc
-Explain what are the following services and give an use case example for each one them:
+What is AWS CloudSearch?
+
- * CloudTrail
- * CloudWatch
- * CloudSearch
+
+What is AWS Lightsail?
+
+
+
+What is AWS Athena?
+
+
+
+What is AWS EMR?
Explain what is AWS Lambda
+
+What is AWS Quick Starts?
+
+AWS definition: "Quick Starts are built by AWS solutions architects and partners to help you deploy popular technologies on AWS, based on AWS best practices for security and high availability."
+
+Read more [here](https://aws.amazon.com/quickstart)
+
+
## Network
@@ -7085,6 +7220,10 @@ MAC address flooding attack (CAM table flooding attack) is a type of network att
+
+What is port flooding?
+
+
What is "Diffie-Hellman key exchange" and how does it work?
diff --git a/certificates/cloud-practitioner.md b/certificates/cloud-practitioner.md
index 442999c..6fae4fe 100644
--- a/certificates/cloud-practitioner.md
+++ b/certificates/cloud-practitioner.md
@@ -53,20 +53,6 @@ Edge locations are basically content delivery network which caches data and insu
#### AWS Networking
-
-What is AWS Direct Connect?
-
-Allows you to connect your corporate network to AWS network.
-
-
-
-What is Route 53?
-
-"Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable cloud Domain Name System (DNS) web service"
-
-More on Route 53 [here](https://aws.amazon.com/route53)
-
-
What is VPC?
@@ -114,6 +100,12 @@ False.
Read more about it [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-security-groups.html) and [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/VPC_SecurityGroups.html)
+
+What is AWS Direct Connect?
+
+Allows you to connect your corporate network to AWS network.
+
+
#### AWS Compute
@@ -338,6 +330,184 @@ There can be several reasons for that. One of them is lack of policy. To solve t
Only a login access.
+##### AWS ELB
+
+
+What is ELB (Elastic Load Balancing)?
+
+AWS definition: "Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, IP addresses, and Lambda functions."
+
+More on ELB [here](https://aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing)
+
+
+
+What is auto scaling?
+
+AWS definition: "AWS Auto Scaling monitors your applications and automatically adjusts capacity to maintain steady, predictable performance at the lowest possible cost"
+
+Read more about auto scaling [here](https://aws.amazon.com/autoscaling)
+
+
+
+True or False? Auto Scaling is about adding resources (such as instances) and not about removing resource
+
+False. Auto scaling adjusts capacity and this can mean removing some resources based on usage and performances.
+
+
+
+What types of load balancers are supported in EC2 and what are they used for?
+
+ * Application LB - layer 7 traffic
+ * Network LB - ultra-high performances or static IP address
+ * Classic LB - low costs, good for test or dev environments
+
+
+#### AWS DNS
+
+
+What is Route 53?
+
+"Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable cloud Domain Name System (DNS) web service"
+Some of Route 53 features:
+ * Register domain
+ * DNS service - domain name translations
+ * Health checks - verify your app is available
+
+More on Route 53 [here](https://aws.amazon.com/route53)
+
+
+#### AWS CloudFront
+
+
+Explain what is CloudFront
+
+AWS definition: "Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) service that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to customers globally with low latency, high transfer speeds, all within a developer-friendly environment."
+
+More on CloudFront [here](https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront)
+
+
+
+Explain the following
+
+ * Origin
+ * Edge location
+ * Distribution
+
+
+#### AWS Monitoring & Logging
+
+
+What is AWS CloudWatch?
+
+AWS definition: "Amazon CloudWatch is a monitoring and observability service..."
+
+More on CloudWatch [here](https://aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch)
+
+
+
+What is AWS CloudTrail?
+
+AWS definition: "AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance, operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account."
+
+Read more on CloudTrail [here](https://aws.amazon.com/cloudtrail)
+
+
+
+What is Simply Notification Service?
+
+AWS definition: "a highly available, durable, secure, fully managed pub/sub messaging service that enables you to decouple microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications."
+
+Read more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sns)
+
+
+
+Explain the following in regards to SNS:
+
+ * Topics
+ * Subscribers
+ * Publishers
+
+ * Topics - used for grouping multiple endpoints
+ * Subscribers - the endpoints where topics send messages to
+ * Publishers - the provider of the message (event, person, ...)
+
+
+#### AWS Security
+
+
+What is the shared responsibility model? What AWS is responsible for and what the user is responsible for based on the shared responsibility model?
+
+The shared responsibility model defines what the customer is responsible for and what AWS is responsible for.
+
+More on the shared responsibility model [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model)
+
+
+
+What is the AWS compliance program?
+
+
+
+Explain what each of the following services is used for
+
+ * AWS Inspector
+ * AWS Artifact
+ * AWS GuardDuty
+ * AWS Shield
+
+
+
+What is AWS WAF? Give an example of how it can used and describe what resources or services you can use it with
+
+
+
+What AWS VPN is used for?
+
+
+
+What is the difference between Site-to-Site VPN and Client VPN?
+
+
+
+True or False? AWS Inspector can perform both network and host assessments
+
+True
+
+
+
+What is AWS Key Management Service (KMS)?
+
+AWS definition: "KMS makes it easy for you to create and manage cryptographic keys and control their use across a wide range of AWS services and in your applications."
+More on KMS [here](https://aws.amazon.com/kms)
+
+
+#### AWS Databases
+
+
+What is AWS RDS?
+
+
+
+What is AWS DynamoDB?
+
+
+
+What is AWS Redshift and how is it different than RDS?
+
+
+
+What is AWS ElastiCache? For what cases is it used?
+
+Amazon Elasticache is a fully managed Redis or Memcached in-memory data store.
+It's great for use cases like two-tier web applications where the most frequently accesses data is stored in ElastiCache so response time is optimal.
+
+
+
+What is Amazon Aurora
+
+A MySQL & Postgresql based relational database. Also, the default database proposed for the user when using RDS for creating a database.
+Great for use cases like two-tier web applications that has a MySQL or Postgresql database layer and you need automated backups for your application.
+
+
### Final Note
Good luck! You can do it :)