diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 7632aa9..cf05d3f 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -5081,22 +5081,38 @@ my %numbers = (
How can you access to a hash value, add and delete a key/value pair and modify a hash?
+``` my %numbers = ( 'First' => '1', 'Second' => '2', 'Third' => '3' ); +``` - Access: -print($numbers{'First'}); -- Add: -$numbers{'Fourth'} = 4; -- Delete: -delete $numbers{'Third'}; -- Modify: -$numbers{'Fifth'} = 6; +``` +print($numbers{'First'}); +``` + +- Add: + +``` +$numbers{'Fourth'} = 4; +``` + +- Delete: + +``` +delete $numbers{'Third'}; +``` + +- Modify: + +``` +$numbers{'Fifth'} = 6; $numbers{'Fifth'} = 5; +```
@@ -5268,8 +5284,52 @@ sub factorial { ### Perl Files Handle +
+Mention the different modes in File Handling
+ +- Read only: `<` +- Write mode. It creates the file if doesn't exist: `>` +- Append mode. It creates the file if doesn't exist: `>>` +- Read and write mode: `+<` +- Read, clear and write mode. It creates the file if doesn't exist: `+>` +- Read and append. It creates the file if doesn't exist: `+>>` + +
+
How to write into a file?
+ +``` +# We can use: +# '>' Write (it clears a previous content if exists). +# '>>' Append. +open(my $fh, '>>', 'file_name.ext') or "Error: file can't be opened"; +print $fh "writing text...\n"; +close($fh); +``` +
+ +
+How can you read a file and print every line?
+ +``` +open(my $fh, '<', 'file_to_read.ext') or "Error: file can't be opened"; +my @file = <$fh>; +foreach my $line (@file) { + print $line; +} +``` + +We can use the file handle without assigning it to an array: + +``` +open(my $fh, '<', 'file_to_read.ext') or "Error: file can't be opened"; + +foreach my $line (<$fh>) { + print $line; +} +``` +
### Perl OOP @@ -5291,11 +5351,100 @@ The function os the `bless` function is used to turning a plain data structure i
-Does Perl have inheritance?
+How to create a Perl class? How can you call a method?
+ +- Let's create the package: `Example.pm` + +``` +package Example; + +sub new { + my $class = shift; + my $self = {}; + bless $self, $class; + return $self; +} + +sub is_working { + print "Working!"; +} + +1; +``` + +- Now we can instance the `Example` class and call `is_working` method: + +``` +my $e = new Example(); +$e->is_working(); +# Output: Working! +``` + +
+ +
+Does Perl have inheritance? What is the `SUPER` keyword?
+ +Yes, Perl supports inheritance. We can read about it in the official [docs](https://perldoc.perl.org/perlobj#Inheritance). +We also can read about `SUPER` keyword that is used to call a method from the parent class. It gives an example about how we can apply inheritance.
Does Perl have polymorphism? What is method overriding?
+ +Yes, it has polymorphism. In fact method overriding is a way to apply it in Perl. + +Method overriding in simple words appears when we have a class with a method that already exist in a parent class. + +Example: + +``` +package A; + +sub new { return bless {}, shift; }; +sub printMethod { print "A\n"; }; + +package B; + +use parent -norequire, 'A'; + +sub new { return bless {}, shift; }; +sub printMethod { print "B\n"; }; + +my $a = A->new(); +my $b = B->new(); + +A->new()->printMethod(); +B->new()->printMethod(); + +# Output: +# A +# B +``` + +
+ +
+How can you call a method of an inherited class?
+ +``` +# Class `A` with `printA` method. +package A; + +sub new { return bless {}, shift; }; +sub printA { print "A"; }; + +# Class `B` that extends or use the parent class `A`. +package B; + +use parent -norequire, 'A'; + +sub new { return bless {}, shift; }; + +# Instance class `B` allows call the inherated method +my $b = B->new(); +$b->printA(); +```
### Perl OS