diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index ce0fbfa..42111d4 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ :information_source:  This repo contains questions and exercises on various technical topics, sometimes related to DevOps and SRE -:bar_chart:  There are currently **2466** exercises and questions +:bar_chart:  There are currently **2487** exercises and questions :warning:  You can use these for preparing for an interview but most of the questions and exercises don't represent an actual interview. Please read [FAQ page](faq.md) for more details diff --git a/topics/argo/README.md b/topics/argo/README.md index 6b7cf74..b0c839d 100644 --- a/topics/argo/README.md +++ b/topics/argo/README.md @@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ - [ArgoCD 101](#argocd-101) - [ArgoCD Secrets](#argocd-secrets) - [ArgoCD Helm](#argocd-helm) - - [Argo Questions](#argo-questions) + - [Argo Rollouts](#argo-rollouts) + - [ArgoCD Questions](#argocd-questions) - [ArgoCD 101](#argocd-101-1) - [Practical ArgoCD 101](#practical-argocd-101) - [CLI](#cli) @@ -14,6 +15,9 @@ - [ArgoCD Application Health](#argocd-application-health) - [ArgoCD Syncs](#argocd-syncs) - [ArgoCD and Helm](#argocd-and-helm) + - [Argo Rollouts Questions](#argo-rollouts-questions) + - [Argo Rollouts 101](#argo-rollouts-101) + - [Argo Rollouts Commands](#argo-rollouts-commands) ## ArgoCD Exercises @@ -37,7 +41,14 @@ |--------|--------|------|----|----| | Helm ArgoCD App | Secrets | [Exercise](exercises/argocd_helm_app/exercise.md) | [Solution](exercises/argocd_helm_app/solution.md) -## Argo Questions +### Argo Rollouts + +|Name|Topic|Objective & Instructions|Solution|Comments| +|--------|--------|------|----|----| +| Blue/Green Rollout | Rollouts | [Exercise](exercises/blue_green_rollout/exercise.md) | [Solution](exercises/blue_green_rollout/solution.md) +| Canary Rollout | Rollouts | [Exercise](exercises/canary_rollout/exercise.md) | [Solution](exercises/canary_rollout/solution.md) + +## ArgoCD Questions ### ArgoCD 101 @@ -340,4 +351,62 @@ ArgoCD is able to track packaged Helm chart in a sense where it will monitor for True or False? When ArgoCD tracks Helm chart the chart is no longer an Helm application and it's a ArgoCD app
True. Trying to execute commands like `helm ls` will fail because helm metadata doesn't exist anymore and the application is tracked as ArgoCD app. + + +## Argo Rollouts Questions + +### Argo Rollouts 101 + +
+What is Argo Rollouts?
+ +A controller for Kubernetes to perform application deployments using different strategies like Blue/Green deployments, Canary deployments, etc. + +In addition, it supports A/B tests, automatic rollbacks and integrated metric analysis. +
+ +
+What happens when you rollout a new version of your app with argo rollouts?
+ +- Argo Rollouts creates a new replicaset (that is the new app version) + - Old version is still alive +- ArgoCD marks the app as out-ofsync +
+ +### Argo Rollouts Commands + +
+How to list rollouts?
+ +`kubectl argo rollouts list rollouts` +
+ +
+How to list the rollouts of a given application?
+ +`kubectl argo rollouts get rollout SOME-APP` +
+ +
+How to check the status of a rollout?
+ +`kubectl argo rollouts status SOME-APP` +
+ +
+How to rollout a new version (with new container tag)?
+ +`kubectl argo rollouts set image SOME-APP web-app=some/registry/and/image:v2.0` +
+ +
+How to manually promote to new app version?
+ +`kubectl argo rollouts promote SOME-APP` +
+ +
+How do you monitor a rollout?
+ +`kubectl argo rollouts get rollout SOME-APP --watch`
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/topics/argo/exercises/blue_green_rollout/exercise.md b/topics/argo/exercises/blue_green_rollout/exercise.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12faa99 --- /dev/null +++ b/topics/argo/exercises/blue_green_rollout/exercise.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# Argo Rollouts - Blue/Green + +## Requirements + +1. Running Kubernetes cluster +2. Argo Rollouts CLI +3. Deployed app in specific version + +## Objectives + +1. Install Argo Rollouts controller +2. Write a rollout manifest that use blue/green deployment and apply it + 1. Set it to 3 replicas + 2. Disable auto-promotions +3. Check the rollout list +4. Rollout a new version of your app in any way you prefer + 1. Check the status of the rollout + +## Solutions + +Click [here](solution.md) to view the solution. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/topics/argo/exercises/blue_green_rollout/solution.md b/topics/argo/exercises/blue_green_rollout/solution.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ae9941 --- /dev/null +++ b/topics/argo/exercises/blue_green_rollout/solution.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +# Argo Rollouts - Blue/Green + +## Requirements + +1. Running Kubernetes cluster +2. Argo Rollouts CLI +3. Deployed app in specific version + +## Objectives + +1. Install Argo Rollouts controller +2. Write a rollout manifest that use blue/green deployment and apply it + 1. Set it to 3 replicas + 2. Disable auto-promotions +3. Check the rollout list +4. Rollout a new version of your app in any way you prefer + 1. Check the status of the rollout + +## Solution + +Installation: + +1. `kubectl create namespace argo-rollouts` + 1. `kubectl apply -n argo-rollouts -f https://github.com/argoproj/argo-rollouts/releases/latest/download/install.yaml` + +2. Rollout resource: + +``` +--- +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Rollout +metadata: + name: some-app +spec: + replicas: 3 + strategy: + blueGreen: + autoPromotionEnabled: false + selector: + matchLabels: + app: some-web-app + template: + metadata: + labels: + app: some-web-app + spec: + containers: + - name: web-app + image: some/registry/and/image:v1.0 + ports: + - name: http + containerPort: 8080 + protocol: TCP +``` + +3. `kubectl argo rollouts list rollouts` +4. `kubectl argo rollouts set image SOME-APP web-app=some/registry/and/image:v2.0` + 1. `kubectl argo rollouts get rollout some-app --watch` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/topics/argo/exercises/canary_rollout/exercise.md b/topics/argo/exercises/canary_rollout/exercise.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e80cb03 --- /dev/null +++ b/topics/argo/exercises/canary_rollout/exercise.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# Argo Rollouts - Canary + +## Requirements + +1. Running Kubernetes cluster +2. Argo Rollouts CLI +3. Deployed app in a specific version + +## Objectives + +1. Install Argo Rollouts controller +2. Write a rollout manifest that use canary rollout strategy and apply it + 1. Set it to 3 replicas + 2. Disable auto-promotions +3. Check the rollout list +4. Rollout a new version of your app in any way you prefer + 1. Check the status of the rollout + +## Solutions + +Click [here](solution.md) to view the solution. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/topics/argo/exercises/canary_rollout/solution.md b/topics/argo/exercises/canary_rollout/solution.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42e3abf --- /dev/null +++ b/topics/argo/exercises/canary_rollout/solution.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +# Argo Rollouts - Canary + +## Requirements + +1. Running Kubernetes cluster +2. Argo Rollouts CLI +3. Deployed app in a specific version + +## Objectives + +1. Install Argo Rollouts controller +2. Write a rollout manifest that use canary rollout strategy and apply it + 1. Set it to 6 replicas + 2. Disable auto-promotions +3. Check the rollout list +4. Rollout a new version of your app in any way you prefer + 1. Check the status of the rollout + +## Solution + +Installation: + +1. `kubectl create namespace argo-rollouts` + 1. `kubectl apply -n argo-rollouts -f https://github.com/argoproj/argo-rollouts/releases/latest/download/install.yaml` + +2. Rollout resource: + +``` +--- +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Rollout +metadata: + name: some-app +spec: + replicas: 6 + strategy: + canary: + stableService: k8s-service-stable + canaryService: k8s-service-canary + trafficRouting: + ambassador: + mappings: + - k8s-mapping + steps: + - setWeight: 30 + - pause: {} + - setWeight: 60 + - pause: {} + - setWeight: 100 + - pause: {} + selector: + matchLabels: + app: some-web-app + template: + metadata: + labels: + app: some-web-app + spec: + containers: + - name: web-app + image: some/registry/and/image:v1.0 + ports: + - name: http + containerPort: 8080 + protocol: TCP +``` + +3. `kubectl argo rollouts list rollouts` +4. `kubectl argo rollouts set image SOME-APP web-app=some/registry/and/image:v2.0` + 1. `kubectl argo rollouts get rollout some-app --watch` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/topics/datadog/README.md b/topics/datadog/README.md index f5fa5e6..f38a569 100644 --- a/topics/datadog/README.md +++ b/topics/datadog/README.md @@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ - [DataDog](#datadog) - [Questions](#questions) - [Basics](#basics) + - [Datadog Agent](#datadog-agent) + - [Datadog Integrations](#datadog-integrations) ## Questions @@ -41,8 +43,37 @@ Basically any device or location that has Datadog agent installed and running on
What is a Datadog agent?
+ +A software runs on a Datadog host. Its purpose is to collect data from the host and sent it to Datadog (data like metrics, logs, etc.)
-What are Datadog agents?
+What are Datadog tags?
+ +Datadog tags are used to mark different information with unique properties. For example, you might want to tag some data with "environment: production" while tagging information from staging or dev environment with "environment: staging". +
+ +## Datadog Agent + +
+What are the component of a Datadog agent?
+ +* Collector: its role is to collect data from the host on which it's installed. The default period of time as of today is every 15 seconds. +* Forwarder: responsible for sending the data to Datadog over HTTPS +
+ +## Datadog Integrations + + +
+What can you tell about Datadog integrations?
+ +- Datadog has many supported integrations with different services, platforms, etc. +- Each integration includes information on how to apply it, how to use it and what configuration options it supports +
+ +
+What opening some of the integrations windows/pages, there is a ection called "Monitors". What can be found there?
+ +Usually you can find there some anomaly types that Datadog suggests to monitor and track.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/topics/kubernetes/README.md b/topics/kubernetes/README.md index e297808..3a268b8 100644 --- a/topics/kubernetes/README.md +++ b/topics/kubernetes/README.md @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ What's your goal? - [ReplicaSet](#replicaset) - [Labels and Selectors](#labels-and-selectors) - [Scheduler](#scheduler) + - [Kustomize](#kustomize) - [Kubernetes Questions](#kubernetes-questions) - [Kubernetes 101](#kubernetes-101) - [Cluster and Architecture](#cluster-and-architecture) @@ -64,6 +65,8 @@ What's your goal? - [Resource Limits](#resource-limits) - [Resources Limits - Commands](#resources-limits---commands) - [Monitoring](#monitoring) + - [Kustomize](#kustomize-1) + - [Deployment Strategies](#deployment-strategies) - [Scenarios](#scenarios) ## Kubernetes Exercises @@ -103,6 +106,12 @@ What's your goal? |--------|--------|------|----|----| | Taints 101 | Taints | [Exercise](exercises/taints_101/exercise.md) | [Solution](exercises/taints_101/solution.md) +### Kustomize + +|Name|Topic|Objective & Instructions|Solution|Comments| +|--------|--------|------|----|----| +| common labels | Kustomize | [Exercise](exercises/kustomize_common_labels/exercise.md) | [Solution](exercises/kustomize_common_labels/solution.md) + ## Kubernetes Questions ### Kubernetes 101 @@ -3006,6 +3015,103 @@ TODO: add more monitoring solutions +### Kustomize + +
+What is Kustomize?
+
+ +
+Explain the need for Kustomize by describing actual use cases
+ +* You have an helm chart of an application used by multiple teams in your organization and there is a requirement to add annotation to the app specifying the name of the of team owning the app + * Without Kustomize you would need to copy the files (chart template in this case) and modify it to include the specific annotations we need + * With Kustomize you don't need to copy the entire repo or files +* You are asked to apply a change/patch to some app without modifying the original files of the app + * With Kustomize you can define kustomization.yml file that defines these customizations so you don't need to touch the original app files +
+ +
+Describe in high-level how Kustomize works
+ +1. You add kustomization.yml file in the folder of the app you would like to customize. + 1. You define the customizations you would like to perform +2. You run `kustomize build APP_PATH` where your kustomization.yml also resides +
+ +### Deployment Strategies + +
+What rollout/deployment strategies are you familiar with?
+ +* Blue/Green Deployments: You deploy a new version of your app, while old version still running, and you start redirecting traffic to the new version of the app +* Canary Deployments: You deploy a new version of your app and start redirecting **portion** of your users/traffic to the new version. So you the migration to the new version is much more gradual +
+ +
+Explain Blue/Green deployments/rollouts in detail
+ +Blue/Green deployment steps: + +1. Traffic coming from users through a load balancer to the application which is currently version 1 + +Users -> Load Balancer -> App Version 1 + +2. A new application version 2 is deployed (while version 1 still running) + +Users -> Load Balancer -> App Version 1 + App Version 2 + +3. If version 2 runs properly, traffic switched to it instead of version 1 + +User -> Load Balancer App version 1 + -> App Version 2 + +4. Whether old version is removed or keep running but without users being redirected to it, is based on team or company decision + +Pros: + * We can rollback/switch quickly to previous version at any point +Cons: + * In case of an issue with new version, ALL users are affected (instead of small portion/percentage) + +
+ +
+Explain Canary deployments/rollouts in detail
+ +Canary deployment steps: + +1. Traffic coming from users through a load balancer to the application which is currently version 1 + +Users -> Load Balancer -> App Version 1 + +2. A new application version 2 is deployed (while version 1 still running) and part of the traffic is redirected to the new version + +Users -> Load Balancer ->(95% of the traffic) App Version 1 + ->(5% of the traffic) App Version 2 + +3. If the new version (2) runs well, more traffic is redirected to it + +Users -> Load Balancer ->(70% of the traffic) App Version 1 + ->(30% of the traffic) App Version 2 + +3. If everything runs well, at some point all traffic is redirected to the new version + +Users -> Load Balancer -> App Version 2 + + +Pros: + * If there is any issue with the new deployed app version, only some portion of the users affected, instead of all of them +Cons: + * Testing of new version is neccesrialy in the production environment (as the user traffic is exists only there) + +
+ +
+What ways are you familiar with to implement deployment strategies (like canary, blue/green) in Kubernetes?
+ +There are multiple ways. One of them is Argo Rollouts. +
### Scenarios diff --git a/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/exercise.md b/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/exercise.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c074f01 --- /dev/null +++ b/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/exercise.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# Kustomize - Common Labels + +## Requirements + +1. Running Kubernetes cluster +2. Kustomize binary installed + +## Objectives + +In the current directory there is an app composed of a Deployment and Service. + +1. Write a kustomization.yml file that will add to both the Service and Deployment the label "team-name: aces" +2. Execute a kustomize command that will generate the customized k8s files with the label appended + +## Solution + +Click [here](solution.md) to view the solution \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/solution.md b/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/solution.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10d0cfa --- /dev/null +++ b/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/solution.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Kustomize - Common Labels + +## Requirements + +1. Running Kubernetes cluster +2. Kustomize binary installed + +## Objectives + +In the current directory there is an app composed of a Deployment and Service. + +1. Write a kustomization.yml file that will add to both the Service and Deployment the label "team-name: aces" +2. Execute a kustomize command that will generate the customized k8s files with the label appended + +## Solution + +1. Add the following to kustomization.yml in someApp directory: + +``` +apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 +kind: Kustomization + +commonLabels: + team-name: aces + +resources: + - service.yml + - deployment.yml +``` + +2. Run `kustomize build someApp` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/someApp/deployment.yml b/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/someApp/deployment.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..685c17a --- /dev/null +++ b/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/someApp/deployment.yml @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: Deployment +metadata: + name: nginx-deployment + labels: + app: nginx +spec: + replicas: 3 + selector: + matchLabels: + app: nginx + template: + metadata: + labels: + app: nginx + spec: + containers: + - name: nginx + image: nginx:1.14.2 + ports: + - containerPort: 80 diff --git a/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/someApp/service.yml b/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/someApp/service.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b6db34 --- /dev/null +++ b/topics/kubernetes/exercises/kustomize_common_labels/someApp/service.yml @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: my-service +spec: + selector: + app: nginx + ports: + - protocol: TCP + port: 80 + targetPort: 9376