diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 0a8b54c..32d1c49 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ :information_source:  This repo contains questions and exercises on various technical topics, sometimes related to DevOps and SRE :) -:bar_chart:  There are currently **1139** questions +:bar_chart:  There are currently **1157** questions :busts_in_silhouette:  [Join](https://www.facebook.com/groups/538897960007080) our [Facebook group](https://www.facebook.com/groups/538897960007080) or follow us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/devopsbit) for additional daily exercises, articles and more resources on DevOps @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Cloud
Cloud
Beginner :baby:
- aws
AWS
Beginner :baby:
+ aws
AWS azure
Azure
Beginner :baby:
Google Cloud Platform
Google Cloud Platform
Beginner :baby:
openstack
OpenStack
Beginner :baby:
Advanced :star: @@ -528,9 +528,6 @@ It's important to note that: ## AWS - -#### :baby: Beginner - #### Global Infrastructure
@@ -672,6 +669,12 @@ More on this subject [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ How to migrate an instance to another availability zone?
+
+What can you attach to an EC2 instance in order to store data?
+ +EBS +
+ #### AWS Serverless Compute
@@ -820,6 +823,14 @@ Stored Volumes - Data is located at customer's data center and periodically back Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data center for quick access
+
+What is "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration"?
+ +AWS definition: "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration enables fast, easy, and secure transfers of files over long distances between your client and an S3 bucket" + +Learn more [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/transfer-acceleration.html) +
+
Explain data consistency
@@ -836,6 +847,33 @@ Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data cente What storage options are there for EC2 Instances?
+ +#### AWS Disaster Recovery + +
+In regards to disaster recovery, what is RTO and RPO?
+ +RTO - The maximum acceptable length of time that your application can be offline. + +RPO - The maximum acceptable length of time during which data might be lost from your application due to an incident. +
+ +
+What types of disaster recovery techniques AWS supports?
+ +* The Cold Method - Periodically backups and sending the backups off-site
+* Pilot Light - Data is mirrored to an environment which is always running +* Warm Standby - Running scaled down version of production environment +* Multi-site - Duplicated environment that is always running +
+ +
+Which disaster recovery option has the highest downtime and which has the lowest?
+ +Lowest - Multi-site +Highest - The cold method +
+ #### AWS CloudFormation
@@ -924,6 +962,14 @@ More on the shared responsibility model [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance False. It is responsible for Hardware in its sites but not for security groups which created and managed by the users.
+
+Explain "Shared Controls" in regards to the shared responsibility model
+ +AWS definition: "apply to both the infrastructure layer and customer layers, but in completely separate contexts or perspectives. In a shared control, AWS provides the requirements for the infrastructure and the customer must provide their own control implementation within their use of AWS services" + +Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model) +
+
What is the AWS compliance program?
@@ -935,6 +981,8 @@ False. It is responsible for Hardware in its sites but not for security groups w * AWS Artifact * AWS GuardDuty * AWS Shield
+ + * AWS Shield - AWS definition: "AWS Shield is a managed Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) protection service that safeguards applications running on AWS."
@@ -993,6 +1041,8 @@ False.
What is AWS Redshift and how is it different than RDS?
+ +cloud data warehouse
@@ -1120,13 +1170,13 @@ Trusted Advisor
-What service allows you to transfer large amounts (Petabytes) of data in and out of the AWS cloud?
+Which service allows you to transfer large amounts (Petabytes) of data in and out of the AWS cloud?
AWS Snowball
-What provides a virtual network dedicated to your AWS account?
+Which service provides a virtual network dedicated to your AWS account?
VPC
@@ -1138,9 +1188,9 @@ Amazon Aurora
-What would you use to migrate on-premise Oracle database to AWS?
+What would you use to migrate on-premise database to AWS?
-AWS Database Migration Service +AWS Database Migration Service (DMS)
@@ -1197,6 +1247,48 @@ AWS Organizations AWS WAF
+
+You would like to monitor some of your resources in the different services. Which service would you use for that?
+ +CloudWatch +
+ +
+Which service would you use for creating DNS record?
+ +Route 53 +
+ +
+Which service would you use if you need messaging queue?
+ +Simple Queue Service (SQS) +
+ +
+Which service would you use if you need managed DDOS protection?
+ +AWS Shield +
+ +
+Which service would you use if you need store frequently used data for low latency access?
+ +ElastiCache +
+ +
+What would you use to transfer files over long distances between a client and an S3 bucket?
+ +Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration +
+ +
+Which service would you use for distributing incoming requests across multiple?
+ +Route 53 +
+ #### AWS DNS
@@ -1339,6 +1431,10 @@ Learn more about AWS Athena [here](https://aws.amazon.com/athena)
What is AWS EMR?
+ +AWS definition: "big data platform for processing vast amounts of data using open source tools such as Apache Spark, Apache Hive, Apache HBase, Apache Flink, Apache Hudi, and Presto." + +Learn more [here](https://aws.amazon.com/emr)
@@ -1360,6 +1456,14 @@ AWS Lambda AWS Athena
+
+What is Simple Queue Service (SQS)?
+ +AWS definition: "Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications". + +Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sqs) +
+ ## Network @@ -3756,35 +3860,19 @@ Kubernetes is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and mana To understand what Kubernetes is good for, let's look at some examples: -* You would like to run a certain application in a container on multiple different locations. Sure, if it's 2-3 servers/locations, you can do it by yourself but it can be challenging to scale it up to additional multiple location. - -* Performing updates and changes across hundreds of containers - +* You would like to run a certain application in a container on multiple different locations. Sure, if it's 2-3 servers/locations, you can do it by yourself but it can be challenging to scale it up to additional multiple location.
+* Performing updates and changes across hundreds of containers
* Handle cases where the current load requires to scale up (or down)
-
-Describe the architecture of Kubernetes
-
-
What is a Kubernetes Cluster?
-A cluster consists of a Master (which coordinates the cluster) and Nodes where the applications are running. -
+Red Hat Definition: "A Kubernetes cluster is a set of node machines for running containerized applications. If you’re running Kubernetes, you’re running a cluster. -
-Describe in detail what the following command does kubectl create deployment kubernetes-httpd --image=httpd
-
+At a minimum, a cluster contains a worker node and a master node." -
-What the Master is responsible for?
- -The master coordinates all the workflows in the cluster: - -* Scheduling applications -* Managing desired state -* Rolling out new updates +Read more [here](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers/what-is-a-kubernetes-cluster)
@@ -3795,9 +3883,64 @@ It's recommended to have at least 3 nodes in Kubernetes production environment.
-Explain what is Kubelet
+What the master node is responsible for?
-Kubelet is an agent running on each node and responsible for node communication with the master. +The master coordinates all the workflows in the cluster: + +* Scheduling applications +* Managing desired state +* Rolling out new updates +
+ +
+What do we need worker nodes for?
+ +The workers are the nodes which run the applications and workloads. +
+ +
+True or False? Every cluster must have 0 or more master nodes and 1 or more workers
+ +False. A Kubernetes cluster consists of at least 1 master and 0 or more workers. +
+ +
+Explain what is a pod
+
+ +
+What are the components of the master node?
+ + * API Server - the Kubernetes API. All cluster components communicate through it + * Scheduler - assigns an application with a worker node it can run on + * Controller Manager - cluster maintenance (replications, node failures, etc.) + * etcd - stores cluster configuration +
+ +
+What are the components of a worker node?
+ + * Kubelet - an agent responsible for node communication with the master. + * Kube-proxy - load balancing traffic between app components + * Container runtime - the engine runs the containers (Podman, Docker, ...) +
+ +#### Basic Commands + +
+Which command you run to view your nodes?
+ +`kubectl get nodes` +
+ +
+Which command you run to view all pods running on all namespaces?
+ +`kubectl get pods --all-namespaces` +
+ +
+Describe in detail what the following command does kubectl create deployment kubernetes-httpd --image=httpd
@@ -3806,10 +3949,6 @@ Kubelet is an agent running on each node and responsible for node communication Minikube is a lightweight Kubernetes implementation. It create a local virtual machine and deploys a simple (single node) cluster.
-
-Explain what is a Kubernetes pod
-
-
True or False? A pod can manage multiple containers
@@ -3912,7 +4051,7 @@ It includes: What the following commands do? * kubectl get nodes - * kubectl
+ * kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
diff --git a/certificates/cka.md b/certificates/cka.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9970b55 --- /dev/null +++ b/certificates/cka.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +## Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) + +#### Basic Commands + +
+Which command you run to view your nodes?
+ +`kubectl get nodes` +
+ +
+Which command you run to view all pods running on all namespaces?
+ +`kubectl get pods --all-namespaces` +
diff --git a/certificates/cloud-practitioner.md b/certificates/cloud-practitioner.md index 5702e81..eb3ca9a 100644 --- a/certificates/cloud-practitioner.md +++ b/certificates/cloud-practitioner.md @@ -176,6 +176,12 @@ Dedicated Hosts - physical EC2 server dedicated for your use. More on this subject [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-security-groups.html)
+
+What can you attach to an EC2 instance in order to store data?
+ +EBS +
+ #### AWS Storage
@@ -298,6 +304,14 @@ Stored Volumes - Data is located at customer's data center and periodically back Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data center for quick access
+
+What is "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration"?
+ +AWS definition: "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration enables fast, easy, and secure transfers of files over long distances between your client and an S3 bucket" + +Learn more [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/transfer-acceleration.html) +
+ #### AWS IAM
@@ -474,6 +488,14 @@ More on the shared responsibility model [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance False. It is responsible for Hardware in its sites but not for security groups which created and managed by the users.
+
+Explain "Shared Controls" in regards to the shared responsibility model
+ +AWS definition: "apply to both the infrastructure layer and customer layers, but in completely separate contexts or perspectives. In a shared control, AWS provides the requirements for the infrastructure and the customer must provide their own control implementation within their use of AWS services" + +Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model) +
+
What is the AWS compliance program?
@@ -543,6 +565,8 @@ False.
What is AWS Redshift and how is it different than RDS?
+ +cloud data warehouse
@@ -624,9 +648,9 @@ Amazon Aurora
-What would you use to migrate on-premise Oracle database to AWS?
+What would you use to migrate on-premise database to AWS?
-AWS Database Migration Service +AWS Database Migration Service (DMS)
@@ -683,6 +707,42 @@ AWS Organizations AWS WAF
+
+You would like to monitor some of your resources in the different services. Which service would you use for that?
+ +CloudWatch +
+ +
+Which service would you use for creating DNS record?
+ +Route 53 +
+ +
+Which service would you use if you need messaging queue?
+ +Simple Queue Service (SQS) +
+ +
+Which service would you use if you need managed DDOS protection?
+ +AWS Shield +
+ +
+Which service would you use if you need store frequently used data for low latency access?
+ +ElastiCache +
+ +
+What would you use to transfer files over long distances between a client and an S3 bucket?
+ +Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration +
+ #### AWS Billing & Support
@@ -762,6 +822,14 @@ AWS Lambda AWS Athena
+
+What is AWS EMR?
+ +AWS definition: "big data platform for processing vast amounts of data using open source tools such as Apache Spark, Apache Hive, Apache HBase, Apache Flink, Apache Hudi, and Presto." + +Learn more [here](https://aws.amazon.com/emr) +
+
What is AWS Athena?
@@ -770,6 +838,40 @@ AWS Athena Learn more about AWS Athena [here](https://aws.amazon.com/athena)
+
+What is Simple Queue Service (SQS)?
+ +AWS definition: "Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications". + +Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sqs) +
+ +#### AWS Disaster Recovery + +
+In regards to disaster recovery, what is RTO and RPO?
+ +RTO - The maximum acceptable length of time that your application can be offline. + +RPO - The maximum acceptable length of time during which data might be lost from your application due to an incident. +
+ +
+What types of disaster recovery techniques AWS supports?
+ +* The Cold Method - Periodically backups and sending the backups off-site
+* Pilot Light - Data is mirrored to an environment which is always running +* Warm Standby - Running scaled down version of production environment +* Multi-site - Duplicated environment that is always running +
+ +
+Which disaster recovery option has the highest downtime and which has the lowest?
+ +Lowest - Multi-site +Highest - The cold method +
+ ### Final Note Good luck! You can do it :)