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SSIA :)
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@ -23,6 +23,10 @@
| Elastic IP | EC2, Networking | [Exercise](elastic_ip.md) | [Solution](solutions/elastic_ip.md) | Easy | | Elastic IP | EC2, Networking | [Exercise](elastic_ip.md) | [Solution](solutions/elastic_ip.md) | Easy |
| Placement Groups Creation | EC2, Placement Groups | [Exercise](placement_groups.md) | [Solution](solutions/placement_groups.md) | Easy | | Placement Groups Creation | EC2, Placement Groups | [Exercise](placement_groups.md) | [Solution](solutions/placement_groups.md) | Easy |
| Elastic Network Interfaces | EC2, ENI | [Exercise](elastic_network_interfaces.md) | [Solution](solutions/elastic_network_interfaces.md) | Easy | | Elastic Network Interfaces | EC2, ENI | [Exercise](elastic_network_interfaces.md) | [Solution](solutions/elastic_network_interfaces.md) | Easy |
| Hibernate an Instance | EC2 | [Exercise](hibernate_instance.md) | [Solution](solutions/hibernate_instance.md) | Easy |
| Volume Creation | EC2, EBS | [Exercise](ebs_volume_creation.md) | [Solution](solutions/ebs_volume_creation.md) | Easy |
| Snapshots | EC2, EBS | [Exercise](snapshots.md) | [Solution](solutions/snapshots.md) | Easy |
| Create an AMI | EC2, AMI | [Exercise](create_ami.md) | [Solution](solutions/create_ami.md) | Easy |
#### AWS - Lambda #### AWS - Lambda
@ -239,6 +243,14 @@ True. As opposed to IAM for example, which is a global service, EC2 is a regiona
* Security groups * Security groups
</b></details> </b></details>
<details>
<summary>What would you use for customizing EC2 instances? As in software installation, OS configuration, etc.</summary><br><b>
AMI. With AMI (Amazon Machine Image) you can customize EC2 instances by specifying which software to install, what OS changes should be applied, etc.
</b></details>
##### AWS EC2 - AMI
<details> <details>
<summary>What is AMI?</summary><br><b> <summary>What is AMI?</summary><br><b>
@ -247,11 +259,27 @@ Read more [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AMIs.html)
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
<summary>What are the different source for AMIs?</summary><br><b> <summary>What are the different sources for AMIs?</summary><br><b>
* Personal AMIs - AMIs you create * Personal AMIs - AMIs you create
* AWS Marketplace for AMIs - Paid AMIs usually with bundled with licensed software * AWS Marketplace for AMIs - AMIs made by others, mostly sold for some price
* Community AMIs - Free * Public AMIs - Provided by AWS
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? AMI are built for specific region</summary><br><b>
True (but they can be copied from one region to another).
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe in high-level the process of creating AMIs</summary><br><b>
1. Start an EC2 instance
2. Customized the EC2 instance (install packages, change OS configuration, etc.)
3. Stop the instance (for avoiding data integrity issues)
4. Create EBS snapshot and build an AMI
5. To verify and test the AMI, launch an instance from the AMI
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
@ -311,19 +339,19 @@ Storage Optimized:
EBS EBS
</b></details> </b></details>
##### AWS EC2 - EBS ##### AWS EC2 - Storage
<details> <details>
<summary>What is EBS?</summary><br><b> <summary>Explain what is Amazon EBS</summary><br><b>
"provides block level storage volumes for use with EC2 instances. EBS volumes behave like raw, unformatted block devices." [AWS Docs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AmazonEBS.html): "provides block level storage volumes for use with EC2 instances. EBS volumes behave like raw, unformatted block devices."
More on EBS [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AmazonEBS.html)
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
<summary>What happens to EC2 disk (EBS) when the instance is terminated?</summary><br><b> <summary>What happens to EBS volumes when the instance is terminated?</summary><br><b>
All the related EBS volumes are removed and data is lost. By deafult, the root volume is marked for deletion, while other volumes will still remain.<br>
You can control what will happen to every volume upon termination.
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
@ -332,6 +360,103 @@ All the related EBS volumes are removed and data is lost.
Disk is intact and can be used when the instance starts. Disk is intact and can be used when the instance starts.
</b></details> </b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? EBS volumes are locked to a specific availability zone</summary><br><b>
True
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain EBS Snapshots</summary><br><b>
EBS snapshots used for making a backup of the EBS volume at point of time.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the use cases for using EBS snapshots?</summary><br><b>
* Backups of the data
* Moving the data between AZs
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Is it possible to attach the same EBS volume to multiple EC2 instances?</summary><br><b>
Yes, with multi-attach it's possible to attach a single EBS volume to multiple instances.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? EBS is a network drive hence, it requires network connectivity</summary><br><b>
True
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to move EBS volumes between availability zones?</summary><br><b>
Using snapshots.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What EBS volume types are there?</summary><br><b>
* HDD (st 1, sc 1): Low cost HDD volumes
* SSD
* io1, io2: Highest performance SSD
* gp2, gp3: General purpose SSD
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>If you need an EBS volume for low latency workloads, which volume type would you use?</summary><br><b>
SSD - io1, io2
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>If you need an EBS volume for workloads that require good performance but the cost is also an important aspect for you, which volume type would you use?</summary><br><b>
SSD - gp2, gp3
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>If you need an EBS volume for high-throughput, which volume type would you use?</summary><br><b>
SSD - io1, io2
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>If you need an EBS volume for infrequently data access, which volume type would you use?</summary><br><b>
HDD - sc1
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which EBS volume types can be used as boot volumes for EC2 instances?</summary><br><b>
SSD: gp2, gp3, io1, io2
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>If you would like to have an hardware disk attached to your EC2 instead of a network one (EBS). What would you use?</summary><br><b>
EC2 Instance Store.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain EC2 Instance Store. Why would someone choose to use it over other options?</summary><br><b>
EC2 instance store provides better I/O performances when compared to EBS.<br>
It is mostly used for cache and temporary data purposes.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Are there any disadvantages in using instance store over EBS?</summary><br><b>
Yes, the data on instance store is lost when they are stopped.
</b></details>
##### AWS EC2 - Pricing Models
<details> <details>
<summary>What EC2 pricing models are there?</summary><br><b> <summary>What EC2 pricing models are there?</summary><br><b>
@ -518,9 +643,9 @@ To terminate such instances, you must cancel the Spot instance request first.
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
<summary>What are Spot Flees?</summary><br><b> <summary>What are Spot Fleets?</summary><br><b>
Set of Spot instance and if you want, also on-demand instances. Set of Spot instances and if you would like, also on-demand instances.
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
@ -538,7 +663,7 @@ A private IP and a public IP.
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
<summary>What happens when you hibernate an EC2 instance?</summary><br><b> <summary>Explain EC2 hibernate</summary><br><b>
[AWS Docs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/Hibernate.html: "Hibernation saves the contents from the instance memory (RAM) to your Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) root volume." [AWS Docs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/Hibernate.html: "Hibernation saves the contents from the instance memory (RAM) to your Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) root volume."
</b></details> </b></details>
@ -549,6 +674,48 @@ A private IP and a public IP.
True. This is because the operating system isn't restarted or stopped. True. This is because the operating system isn't restarted or stopped.
</b></details> </b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are some use cases for using EC2 hibernate option?</summary><br><b>
* Save RAM state
* Service with long time initialization
* Keep long-running processes
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are some limitations of EC2 hibernate option?</summary><br><b>
* Instance RAM size is limited
* Root volume must be encrypted EBS
* Hibernation time is limited
* Doesn't supports all instances types
* No support for bare metal. Only On-Demand and Reserved instances
* Doesn't supports all AMIs
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is EC2 Nitro</summary><br><b>
* Next generation EC2 instances using new virtualization technology
* Better EBS: 64,000 EBS IOPS
* Better networking: HPC, IPv6
* Better security
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What CPU customization is available with EC2?</summary><br><b>
* Modifying number of CPU cores (useful for high RAM and low CPU applications)
* Modifying number of threads per cure (useful for HPC workloads)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain EC2 Capacity Reservations</summary><br><b>
* Allows you to ensure you have EC2 capacity when you need it
* Usually combined with Reserved Instances and Saving Plans to achieve cost saving
</b></details>
#### AWS - Lambda #### AWS - Lambda
<details> <details>
@ -1138,6 +1305,12 @@ True
False. Only one internet gateway can be attached to a single VPC. False. Only one internet gateway can be attached to a single VPC.
</b></details> </b></details>
<details>
<summary>You've restarted your EC2 instance and the public IP has changed. How would you deal with it so it won't happen?</summary><br><b>
Use Elastic IP which provides you a fixed IP address.
</b></details>
<details> <details>
<summary>What is an Elastic IP address?</summary><br><b> <summary>What is an Elastic IP address?</summary><br><b>
@ -1184,9 +1357,9 @@ Allows you to connect your corporate network to AWS network.
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
<summary>True or False? When you need a fixed public IP for your instance, you should use an Elastic IP</summary><br><b> <summary>What would you use if you need a fixed public IP for your EC2 instance?</summary><br><b>
True Elastic IP
</b></details> </b></details>
##### AWS EC2 - ENI ##### AWS EC2 - ENI
@ -1533,7 +1706,7 @@ Read more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sns)
#### AWS Billing & Support #### AWS Billing & Support
<details> <details>
<summary>What is AWS Organizations?</summary><br><b> <summary>What is "AWS Organizations"?</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "AWS Organizations helps you centrally govern your environment as you grow and scale your workloads on AWS." AWS definition: "AWS Organizations helps you centrally govern your environment as you grow and scale your workloads on AWS."
More on Organizations [here](https://aws.amazon.com/organizations) More on Organizations [here](https://aws.amazon.com/organizations)
@ -1558,11 +1731,13 @@ More on AWS pricing model [here](https://aws.amazon.com/pricing)
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
<summary>How one should estimate AWS costs when for example comparing to on-premise solutions?</summary><br><b> <summary>How do you estimate AWS costs?</summary><br><b>
* TCO calculator * TCO calculator
* AWS simple calculator * AWS simple calculator
* Cost Explorer * Cost Explorer
* AWS Budgets
* Cost Allocation Tags
</b></details> </b></details>
<details> <details>
@ -1808,3 +1983,25 @@ AWS definition: "Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message qu
Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sqs) Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sqs)
</b></details> </b></details>
#### AWS - Production
<details>
<summary>Describe in high-level how to upgrade a system on AWS with (near) zero downtime</summary><br><b>
One way is through launching a new instance. In more detail:
1. Launch a new instance
2. Install all the updates and applications
3. Test the instance
4. If all tests passed successfully, you can start using the new instance and perform the switch with the old one, in one of various ways:
1. Go to route53 and update the record with the IP of the new instance
2. If you are using an Elastic IP then move it to the new instance
...
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>When you launch EC2 instances, it takes them time to boot due to commands you run with user data. How to improve instances boot time?</summary><br><b>
Consider creating customized AMI with the commands from user data already executed there. This will allow you launch instance instantly.
</b></details>

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## EC2 - Create an AMI
### Requirements
One running EC2 instance
### Objectives
1. Make some changes in the operating system of your instance (create files, modify files, ...)
2. Create an AMI image from running EC2 instance
3. Launch a new instance using the custom AMI you've created

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## AWS EC2 - EBS Volume Creation
### Requirements
One EC2 instance that you can get rid of :)
### Objectives
1. Create a volume in the same AZ as your instance, with the following properties:
1. gp2 volume type
2. 4 GiB size
2. Once created, attach it to your EC2 instance
3. Remove your EC2 instance. What happened to the EBS volumes attached to the EC2 instance?

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## AWS EC2 - Hibernate an Instance
### Objectives
1. Create an instance that supports hibernation
2. Hibernate the instance
3. Start the instance
4. What way is there to prove that instance was hibernated from OS perspective?

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## EC2 - Create an AMI
### Requirements
One running EC2 instance
### Objectives
1. Make some changes in the operating system of your instance (create files, modify files, ...)
2. Create an AMI image from running EC2 instance
3. Launch a new instance using the custom AMI you've created
### Solution
1. Connect to your EC2 instance (ssh, console, ...)
2. Make some changes in the operating system
3. Go to EC2 service
4. Right click on the instance where you made some changes -> Image and templates -> Create image
5. Give the image a name and click on "Create image"
6. Launch new instance and choose the image you've just created

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## AWS EC2 - EBS Volume Creation
### Requirements
One EC2 instance that you can get rid of :)
### Objectives
1. Create a volume in the same AZ as your instance, with the following properties:
1. gp2 volume type
2. 4 GiB size
2. Once created, attach it to your EC2 instance
3. Remove your EC2 instance. What happened to the EBS volumes attached to the EC2 instance?
### Solution
1. Go to EC2 service
2. Click on "Volumes" under "Elastic Block Store"
3. Click on "Create Volume"
4. Select the following properties
1. gp2 volume type
2. 4 GiB size
3. The same AZ as your instance
5. Click on "Create volume"
6. Right click on the volume you've just created -> attach volume -> choose your EC2 instance and click on "Attach"
7. Terminate your instance
8. The default EBS volume (created when you launched the instance for the first time) will be deleted (unless you didn't check "Delete on termination"), but the volume you've created as part of this exercise, will remain
Note: don't forget to remove the EBS volume you've created in this exercise

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## AWS EC2 - Hibernate an Instance
### Objectives
1. Create an instance that supports hibernation
2. Hibernate the instance
3. Start the instance
4. What way is there to prove that instance was hibernated from OS perspective?
### Solution
1. Create an instance that supports hibernation
1. Go to EC2 service
2. Go to instances and create an instance
3. In "Configure instance" make sure to check "Enable hibernation as an additional stop behavior"
4. In "Add storage", make sure to encrypt EBS and make sure the size > instance RAM size (because hibernation saves the RAM state)
5. Review and Launch
2. Hibernate the instance
1. Go to the instance page
2. Click on "Instance state" -> "Hibernate instance" -> Hibernate
3. Instance state -> Start
4. Run the "uptime" command, which will display the amount of time the system was up

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## AWS EC2 - EBS Snapshots
### Requirements
EBS Volume
### Objectives
A. Create a snapshot of an EBS volume
B. Verify the snapshot was created
C. Move the data to another region
D. Create a volume out of it in a different AZ
### Solution
A.
1. Go to EC2 service
2. Click on "Volumes" under "Elastic Block Store"
3. Right click on the chosen volume -> Create snapshot
4. Insert a description and click on "Create Snapshot"
B.
1. Click on "Snapshots" under "Elastic Block Store"
2. You should see the snapshot you've created
C.
1. Select the snapshot and click on Actions -> Copy
2. Select a region to where the snapshot will be copied
D.
1. Select the snapshot and click on Actions -> Create volume
2. Choose a different AZ
3. Click on "Create Volume"