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README.md
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README.md
@ -2159,6 +2159,8 @@ mv command.
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>What are hidden files/directories? How to list them?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What are hidden files/directories? How to list them?</summary><br><b>
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`ls -a`
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<details>
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@ -2169,7 +2171,7 @@ Most likely the default/generated $PATH was somehow modified or overridden thus
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This issue could also happen if bash_profile or any configuration file of your interpreter was wrongly modified, causing erratics behaviours.
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This issue could also happen if bash_profile or any configuration file of your interpreter was wrongly modified, causing erratics behaviours.
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You would solve this by fixing your $PATH variable:
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You would solve this by fixing your $PATH variable:
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As to fix it there are serveral options:
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As to fix it there are several options:
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1. Manually adding what you need to your $PATH <code>PATH="$PATH":/user/bin:/..etc</code>
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1. Manually adding what you need to your $PATH <code>PATH="$PATH":/user/bin:/..etc</code>
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2. You have your weird env variables backed up.
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2. You have your weird env variables backed up.
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@ -2194,7 +2196,6 @@ With cron, tasks are scheduled using the following format:
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The tasks are stored in a cron file, you can write in it using <code>crontab -e</code>
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The tasks are stored in a cron file, you can write in it using <code>crontab -e</code>
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Alternatively if you are using a distro with systemd it's recommended to use systemd timers.
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Alternatively if you are using a distro with systemd it's recommended to use systemd timers.
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<details>
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@ -2470,7 +2471,7 @@ Each number has different meaning, based on how the application was developed.
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I consider this as a good blog post to read more about it: https://shapeshed.com/unix-exit-codes
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I consider this as a good blog post to read more about it: https://shapeshed.com/unix-exit-codes
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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##### Linux - Storage & Filesystem
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##### Linux Disk & Filesystem
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>What's an inode?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What's an inode?</summary><br><b>
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@ -2542,6 +2543,8 @@ There are many answers for this question. One way is running `df -T`
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>How would you check what is the size of a certain directory?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>How would you check what is the size of a certain directory?</summary><br><b>
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`du -sh`
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<details>
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@ -2611,7 +2614,45 @@ There are many answers for this question. One way is running `df -T`
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False. /tmp is cleared upon system boot while /var/tmp is cleared every a couple of days or not cleared at all (depends on distro).
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False. /tmp is cleared upon system boot while /var/tmp is cleared every a couple of days or not cleared at all (depends on distro).
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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#### Processes
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#### Linux Performance Analysis
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<details>
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<summary>How to check what is the current load average?</summary><br><b>
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One can use `uptime` or `top`
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>You know how to see the load average, great. but what each part of it means? for example 1.43, 2.34, 2.78</summary><br><b>
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[This article](http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2017-08-08/linux-load-averages.html) summarizes the load average topic in a great way
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>How to check process usage?</summary><br><b>
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pidstat
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>How to check disk I/O?</summary><br><b>
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`iostat -xz 1`
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>How to check how much free memory a system has? How to check memory consumption by each process?</summary><br><b>
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You can use the commands <code>top</code> and <code>free</code>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>How to check TCP stats?</summary><br><b>
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sar -n TCP,ETCP 1
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</b></details>
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#### Linux Processes
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>How to run a process in the background and why to do that in the first place?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>How to run a process in the background and why to do that in the first place?</summary><br><b>
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@ -2735,12 +2776,6 @@ If you mention at any point ps command with arugments, be familiar with what the
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find /some_dir -iname \*.yml -print0 | xargs -0 -r sed -i "s/1/2/g"
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find /some_dir -iname \*.yml -print0 | xargs -0 -r sed -i "s/1/2/g"
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>How to check how much free memory a system has? How to check memory consumption by each process?</summary><br><b>
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You can use the commands <code>top</code> and <code>free</code>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>You run ls and you get "/lib/ld-linux-armhf.so.3 no such file or directory". What is the problem?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>You run ls and you get "/lib/ld-linux-armhf.so.3 no such file or directory". What is the problem?</summary><br><b>
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@ -3260,6 +3295,12 @@ These system calls are reading the file <code>/my/file</code> and 5 is the file
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<summary>What is the difference between a process and a thread?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is the difference between a process and a thread?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What is context switch?</summary><br><b>
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From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch): a context switch is the process of storing the state of a process or thread, so that it can be restored and resume execution at a later point
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>You found there is a server with high CPU load but you didn't find a process with high CPU. How is that possible?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>You found there is a server with high CPU load but you didn't find a process with high CPU. How is that possible?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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@ -3310,7 +3351,7 @@ This is a good article about the topic: https://ops.tips/blog/how-linux-creates-
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<summary>You executed a script and while still running, it got accidentally removed. Is it possible to restore the script while it's still running?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>You executed a script and while still running, it got accidentally removed. Is it possible to restore the script while it's still running?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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#### Memory
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#### Linux Memory
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>What is the difference between MemFree and MemAvailable in /proc/meminfo?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is the difference between MemFree and MemAvailable in /proc/meminfo?</summary><br><b>
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@ -3319,6 +3360,18 @@ MemFree - The amount of unused physical RAM in your system
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MemAvailable - The amount of available memory for new workloads (without pushing system to use swap) based on MemFree, Active(file), Inactive(file), and SReclaimable.
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MemAvailable - The amount of available memory for new workloads (without pushing system to use swap) based on MemFree, Active(file), Inactive(file), and SReclaimable.
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What is virtual memory?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What is the difference between paging and swapping?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>Explain what is OOM killer</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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#### Distribution
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#### Distribution
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<details>
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<details>
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@ -3843,6 +3896,12 @@ HCL stands for Hashicorp Configuration Language. It is the language Hashicorp ma
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It keeps track of the IDs of created resources so that Terraform knows what it is managing.
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It keeps track of the IDs of created resources so that Terraform knows what it is managing.
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>How do you rename an existing resource?</summary><br><b>
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terraform state mv
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>Explain what the following commands do:
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<summary>Explain what the following commands do:
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@ -5027,6 +5086,10 @@ some_list[:3]
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```
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```
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</b></details>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>How to insert an item to the beginning of a list? What about two items?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary>How to sort list by the length of items?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>How to sort list by the length of items?</summary><br><b>
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