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:information_source:  This repo contains questions and exercises on various technical topics, sometimes related to DevOps and SRE :)
:bar_chart:  There are currently **1013** questions
:bar_chart:  There are currently **1035** questions
:warning:  You can use these for preparing for an interview but most of the questions and exercises don't represent an actual interview. Please read [Q&A](common-qa.md) for more details
@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
<td align="center"><a href="#databases"><img src="images/databases.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Databases"/><br /><b>Databases</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#regex"><img src="images/regex.png" width="75ph;" height="75px;" alt="RegEx"/><br /><b>Regex</b></a><br /><sub><a href="#regex-beginner">Beginner :baby:</a></sub><br><sub></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#design"><img src="images/design.png" width="110px;" height="75px;" alt="Design"/><br /><b>Design</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#hardware"><img src="images/hardware.png" width="110px;" height="75px;" alt="Hardware"/><br /><b>Hardware</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#questions-you-ask"><img src="images/you.png" width="110px;" height="75px;" alt="you"/><br /><b>Questions you ask</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#exercises"><img src="images/exercises.png" width="110px;" height="75px;" alt="Exercises"/><br /><b>Exercises</b></a></td>
</tr>
@ -1873,7 +1874,15 @@ This is a great article on the topic: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/file
<summary>Do you have experience with hardening servers? Can you describe the process?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
##### Network
##### Linux - Networking
<details>
<summary>How to list all interfaces?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to disable an interface?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a network namespace? What is it used for?</summary><br><b>
@ -1898,6 +1907,12 @@ lsof -i -n -P | grep <port_number>
<summary>What is a virtual IP? In what situation would you use it?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? The MAC address of an interface is assigned/set by the OS</summary><br><b>
False
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Can you have more than one default gateway in a given system?</summary><br><b>
@ -2032,6 +2047,12 @@ Upstart: add Upstart init script at /etc/init/service.conf
<summary>What is CUPS?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What types of web servers are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
Nginx, Apache httpd.
</b></details>
##### Users
<details>
@ -2046,12 +2067,16 @@ Upstart: add Upstart init script at /etc/init/service.conf
<summary>How do you change/set the password of a user?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which file stores users passwords? Is it visible for everyone?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Do you know how to create a new user without using adduser/useradd command?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What information is stored in /etc/passwd?</summary><br><b>
<summary>What information is stored in /etc/passwd? explain each field</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
@ -2068,6 +2093,10 @@ su command.
Use su - to switch to root
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the UID the root user? What about a regular user?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What can you do if you lost/forogt the root password?</summary><br><b>
@ -2078,6 +2107,10 @@ Re-install the OS IS NOT the right answer :)
<summary>What is sudo? How do you set it up?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is /etc/skel?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to see a list of who logged-in to the system?</summary><br><b>
@ -2297,7 +2330,7 @@ These system calls are reading the file <code>/my/file</code> and 5 is the file
<summary>You found there is a server with high CPU load but you didn't find a process with high CPU. How is that possible?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
##### Linux Networking
##### Linux Advanced - Networking
<details>
<summary>When you run <code>ip a</code> you see there is a device called 'lo'. What is it and why do we need it?</summary><br><b>
@ -6027,7 +6060,7 @@ startap-script
* Manage virtual instances
</summary><br><b>
* Glance - Copy or snapshot instances
* Glance - Images Service. Also used for copying or snapshot instances
* Horizon - GUI for viewing and modifying resources
* Cinder - Block Storage
* Nova - Manage virtual instances
@ -6065,8 +6098,16 @@ startap-script
<summary>How do you debug OpenStack compute issues? (tools, logs, ...)</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Deployment & TripleO
<details>
<summary>Are you familiar with TripleO? How is it different from Devstack?</summary><br><b>
<summary>Have you deployed OpenStack in the past? If yes, can you describe how you did it?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Are you familiar with TripleO? How is it different from Devstack or Packstack?</summary><br><b>
You can read about TripleO right [here](https://docs.openstack.org/tripleo-docs/latest)
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Compute
@ -6122,6 +6163,20 @@ startap-script
* neutron-server - exposes networking API and passes requests to other plugins if required
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain these network types:
* Management Network
* Guest Network
* API Network
* External Network</summary><br><b>
* Management Network - used for internal communication between OpenStack components. Any IP address in this network is accessible only within the datacetner
* Guest Network - used for communication between instances/VMs
* API Network - used for services API communication. Any IP address in this network is publicly accessible
* External Network - used for public communication. Any IP address in this network is accessible by anyone on the internet
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a provider network?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
@ -6154,6 +6209,80 @@ startap-script
<summary>How do you debug OpenStack networking issues? (tools, logs, ...)</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### OpenStack - Glance
<details>
<summary>Explain Glance in detail</summary><br><b>
* Glance is the OpenStack image service
* It handles requests related to instances disks and images
* Glance also used for creating snapshots for quick instances backups
* Users can use Glance to create new images or upload existing ones
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe Glance architecture</summary><br><b>
* glance-api - responsible for handling image API calls such as retrieval and storage. It consists of two APIs: 1. registry-api - responsible for internal requests 2. user API - can be accessed publicly
* glance-registry - responsible for handling image metadata requests (e.g. size, type, etc). This component is private which means it's not available publicly
* metadata definition service - API for custom metadata
* database - for storing images metadata
* image repository - for storing images. This can be a filesystem, swift object storage, HTTP, etc.
</b></details>
#### OpenStack - Swift
<details>
<summary>Explain Swift in detail</summary><br><b>
* Swift is Object Store service and is an highly available, distributed and consistent store designed for storing a lot of data
* Swift is distributing data across multiple servers while writing it to multiple disks
* One can choose to add additional servers to scale the cluster. All while swift maintaining integrity of the information and data replications.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Can users store by default an object of 100GB in size?</summary><br><b>
Not by default. Object Storage API limits the maximum to 5GB per object but it can be adjusted.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following in regards to Swift:
* Container
* Account
* Object </summary><br><b>
* Container - Defines a namespace for objects.
* Account - Defines a namespace for containers
* Object - Data content (e.g. image, document, ...)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? there can be two objects with the same name in the same container but not in two different containers</summary><br><b>
False. Two objects can have the same name if they are in different containers.
</b></details>
#### OpenStack - Swift
<details>
<summary>Explain Cinder in detail</summary><br><b>
* Cinder is OpenStack Block Storage service
* It basically provides used with storage resources they can consume with other services such as Nova
* One of the most used implementations of storage supported by Cinder is LVM
* From user perspective this is transparent which means the user doesn't know where, behind the scenes, the storage is located or what type of storage is used
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe Cinder's components</summary><br><b>
* cinder-api - receives API requests
* cinder-volume - manages attached block devices
* cinder-scheduler - responsible for storing volumes
</b></details>
#### OpenStack - Keystone
<details>
@ -6210,12 +6339,14 @@ A list of services and their endpoints
* Swift
* Sahara
* Ironic
* Trove
* Aodh
* Ceilometer</summary><br><b>
* Swift - highly available, distributed, eventually consistent object/blob store
* Sahara - Manage Hadoop Clusters
* Ironic - Bare Metal Provisioning
* Trove - Database as a service that runs on OpenStack
* Aodh - Alarms Service
* Ceilometer - Track and monitor usage
</b></details>
@ -6223,12 +6354,14 @@ A list of services and their endpoints
<details>
<summary>Identify the service/project used for each of the following:
* Database as a service which runs on OpenStack
* Bare Metal Provisioning
* Track and monitor usage
* Alarms Service
* Manage Hadoop Clusters
* highly available, distributed, eventually consistent object/blob store</summary><br><b>
* Database as a service which runs on OpenStack - Trove
* Bare Metal Provisioning - Ironic
* Track and monitor usage - Ceilometer
* Alarms Service - Aodh
@ -7718,6 +7851,30 @@ DNS redirection
<summary>Explain "Branch by Abstraction" technique</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
## Hardware
<details>
<summary>What is a processor?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is RAM?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is an embedded system?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Can you give an example of an embedded system?</summary><br><b>
Raspberry Pi
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What types of storage are there?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
## Exercises
Exercises are all about:
@ -7729,17 +7886,29 @@ Exercises are all about:
Below you can find several exercises
#### Containers
* [Writing a Dockerfile and running a container](exercises/write_dockerfile_run_container.md)
#### Jenkins
* [Jenkins: writing scripts](exercises/jenkins_scripts.md)
* [Jenkins: writing pipelines](exercises/jenkins_pipelines.md)
#### CI
* [CI for open source project](exercises/ci_for_open_source_project.md)
#### Mixed
* [Flask, Containers and CI](exercises/flask_container_ci/README.md)
* [Flask, Containers and CI 2](exercises/flask_container_ci2/README.md)
#### Misc
* [Elasticsearch & Kibana on AWS](exercises/elk_kibana_aws.md)
* [ELK & Filebeat](exercises/eflk.md)
* [Ansible, Minikube and Docker](exercises/ansible_minikube_docker.md)
* [Cloud Slack bot](exercises/cloud_slack_bot.md)
* [Jenkins: writing scripts](exercises/jenkins_scripts.md)
* [Jenkins: writing pipelines](exercises/jenkins_pipelines.md)
* [CI for open source project](exercises/ci_for_open_source_project.md)
* [Flask, Containers and CI](exercises/flask_container_ci/README.md)
* [Flask, Containers and CI 2](exercises/flask_container_ci2/README.md)
## Credits

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