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README.md
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
:information_source:  This repo contains questions and exercises on various technical topics, sometimes related to DevOps and SRE :)
:bar_chart:  There are currently **1071** questions
:bar_chart:  There are currently **1097** questions
:busts_in_silhouette:  [Join](https://www.facebook.com/groups/538897960007080) our [Facebook group](https://www.facebook.com/groups/538897960007080) or follow us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/devopsbit) for additional daily exercises, articles and more resources on DevOps
@ -601,29 +601,174 @@ There can be several reasons for that. One of them is lack of policy. To solve t
Only a login access.
</b></details>
#### AWS Compute
<details>
<summary>What is EC2?</summary><br><b>
"a web service that provides secure, resizable compute capacity in the cloud".
Read more [here](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is AMI?</summary><br><b>
Amazon Machine Images is "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) provides the information required to launch an instance".
Read more [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AMIs.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the different source for AMIs?</summary><br><b>
* Personal AMIs - AMIs you create
* AWS Marketplace for AMIs - Paid AMIs usually with bundled with licensed software
* Community AMIs - Free
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is instance type?</summary><br><b>
"the instance type that you specify determines the hardware of the host computer used for your instance"
Read more about instance types [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is EBS?</summary><br><b>
"provides block level storage volumes for use with EC2 instances. EBS volumes behave like raw, unformatted block devices."
More on EBS [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AmazonEBS.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What EC2 pricing models are there?</summary><br><b>
On Demand - pay a fixed rate by the hour/second with no commitment. You can provision and terminate it at any given time.
Reserved - you get capacity reservation, basically purchase an instance for a fixed time of period. The longer, the cheaper.
Spot - Enables you to bid whatever price you want for instances or pay the spot price.
Dedicated Hosts - physical EC2 server dedicated for your use.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are Security Groups?</summary><br><b>
"A security group acts as a virtual firewall that controls the traffic for one or more instances"
More on this subject [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-security-groups.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to migrate an instance to another availability zone?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### AWS Storage
<details>
<summary>Explain what is AWS S3?</summary><br><b>
S3 stands for 3 S, Simple Storage Service.
S3 is a object storage service which is fast, scalable and durable. S3 enables customers to upload, download or store any file or object that is up to 5 TB in size. While having a maximum size of 5 GB per file (multipart upload if more than 5 GB in size).
</b>
</details>
S3 is a object storage service which is fast, scalable and durable. S3 enables customers to upload, download or store any file or object that is up to 5 TB in size.
More on S3 [here](https://aws.amazon.com/s3)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a bucket?</summary><br><b>
An S3 bucket is a resource which is similar to folders in a file system and allows storing objects, which consist of data and its meta data.
An S3 bucket is a resource which is similar to folders in a file system and allows storing objects, which consist of data.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? A bucket name must be globally unique</summary><br><b>
True
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What objects in S3 consists of?
* Another way to ask it: explain key, value, version id and meta data in context of objects</summary><br><b>
<summary>Explain folders and objects in regards to buckets</summary><br><b>
* Folder - any sub folder in an s3 bucket
* Object - The files which are stored in a bucket
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following:
* Object Lifecycles
* Object Sharing
* Object Versioning</summary><br><b>
* Object Lifecycles - Transfer objects between storage classes based on defined rules of time periods
* Object Sharing - Share objects via a URL link
* Object Versioning - Manage multiple versions of an object
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Object Durability and Object Availability</summary><br><b>
Object Durability: The percent over a one-year time period that a file will not be lost
Object Availability: The percent over a one-year time period that a file will be accessible
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a storage class? What storage classes are there?</summary><br><b>
Each object has a storage class assigned to, affecting its availability and durability. This also has effect on costs.
Storage classes offered today:
* Standard:
* Used for general, all-purpose storage (mostly storage that needs to be accessed frequently)
* The most expensive storage class
* 11x9% durability
* 2x9% availability
* Default storage class
* Standard-IA (Infrequent Access)
* Long lived, infrequently accessed data but must be available the moment it's being accessed
* 11x9% durability
* 99.90% availability
* One Zone-IA (Infrequent Access):
* Long-lived, infrequently accessed, non-critical data
* Less expensive than Standard and Standard-IA storage classes
* 2x9% durability
* 99.50% availability
* Intelligent-Tiering:
* Long-lived data with changing or unknown access patterns. Basically, In this class the data automatically moves to the class most suitable for you based on usage patterns
* Price depends on the used class
* 11x9% durability
* 99.90% availability
* Glacier: Archive data with retrieval time ranging from minutes to hours
* Glacier Deep Archive: Archive data that rarely, if ever, needs to be accessed with retrieval times in hours
* Both Glacier and Glacier Deep Archive are:
* The most cheap storage classes
* have 9x9% durability
More on storage classes [here](https://aws.amazon.com/s3/storage-classes)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is Storage Gateway</summary><br><b>
"AWS Storage Gateway is a hybrid cloud storage service that gives you on-premises access to virtually unlimited cloud storage".
More on Storage Gateway [here](https://aws.amazon.com/storagegateway)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following Storage Gateway deployments types
* File Gateway
* Volume Gateway
* Tape Gateway</summary><br><b>
Explained in detail [here](https://aws.amazon.com/storagegateway/faqs)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the difference between stored volumes and cached volumes?</summary><br><b>
Stored Volumes - Data is located at customer's data center and periodically backed up to AWS
Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data center for quick access
</b></details>
<details>
@ -631,7 +776,7 @@ True
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Can you host dynamic websites on S3?. What about static websites?</summary><br><b>
<summary>Can you host dynamic websites on S3? What about static websites?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
@ -639,41 +784,7 @@ True
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a storage class? What storage classes are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### AWS EC2
<details>
<summary>What is EC2?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What EC2 pricing models are there?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is an AMI?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How many storage options are there for EC2 Instances?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What happens when an EC2 instance is stopped or terminated?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are Security Groups?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to migrate an instance to another availability zone?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are spot instances?</summary><br><b>
<summary>What storage options are there for EC2 Instances?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### AWS CloudFormation
@ -791,10 +902,6 @@ True
* Check for table locks and kill irrelevant locking sessions
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is EBS?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Amazon ElastiCache? For what cases it used?</summary><br><b>
@ -836,10 +943,16 @@ More on Route 53 [here](https://aws.amazon.com/route53)
Read more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/vpc).
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? VPC spans multiple regions</summary><br><b>
False
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? Subnets belong to the same VPC, can be in different availability zones</summary><br><b>
True. Just to clarify, a subnet must reside entirely in one AZ.
True. Just to clarify, a single subnet resides entirely in one AZ.
</b></details>
<details>
@ -859,6 +972,12 @@ False. Only one internet gateway can be attached to a single VPC.
<summary>What is an Elastic IP address?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? Route Tables used to allow or deny traffic from the internet to AWS instances</summary><br><b>
False.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Security Groups and Network ACLs</summary><br><b>

162
certificates/cloud-practitioner.md
View File

@ -74,6 +74,12 @@ More on Route 53 [here](https://aws.amazon.com/route53)
Read more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/vpc).
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? VPC spans multiple regions</summary><br><b>
False
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? Subnets belong to the same VPC, can be in different availability zones</summary><br><b>
@ -93,6 +99,12 @@ Read more about it [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/VPC_I
False. Only one internet gateway can be attached to a single VPC.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? Route Tables used to allow or deny traffic from the internet to AWS instances</summary><br><b>
False.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Security Groups and Network ACLs</summary><br><b>
@ -102,10 +114,58 @@ False. Only one internet gateway can be attached to a single VPC.
Read more about it [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-security-groups.html) and [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/VPC_SecurityGroups.html)
</b></details>
#### AWS EC2
#### AWS Compute
<details>
<summary>What is EC2?</summary><br><b>
"a web service that provides secure, resizable compute capacity in the cloud".
Read more [here](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is AMI?</summary><br><b>
Amazon Machine Images is "An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) provides the information required to launch an instance".
Read more [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AMIs.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the different source for AMIs?</summary><br><b>
* Personal AMIs - AMIs you create
* AWS Marketplace for AMIs - Paid AMIs usually with bundled with licensed software
* Community AMIs - Free
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is instance type?</summary><br><b>
"the instance type that you specify determines the hardware of the host computer used for your instance"
Read more about instance types [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-types.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is EBS?</summary><br><b>
"provides block level storage volumes for use with EC2 instances. EBS volumes behave like raw, unformatted block devices."
More on EBS [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AmazonEBS.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What EC2 pricing models are there?</summary><br><b>
On Demand - pay a fixed rate by the hour/second with no commitment. You can provision and terminate it at any given time.
Reserved - you get capacity reservation, basically purchase an instance for a fixed time of period. The longer, the cheaper.
Spot - Enables you to bid whatever price you want for instances or pay the spot price.
Dedicated Hosts - physical EC2 server dedicated for your use.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are Security Groups?</summary><br><b>
"A security group acts as a virtual firewall that controls the traffic for one or more instances"
More on this subject [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-security-groups.html)
</b></details>
#### AWS Storage
@ -114,20 +174,112 @@ Read more about it [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec
<summary>Explain what is AWS S3?</summary><br><b>
S3 stands for 3 S, Simple Storage Service.
S3 is a object storage service which is fast, scalable and durable. S3 enables customers to upload, download or store any file or object that is up to 5 TB in size. While having a maximum size of 5 GB per file (multipart upload if more than 5 GB in size).
</b>
</details>
S3 is a object storage service which is fast, scalable and durable. S3 enables customers to upload, download or store any file or object that is up to 5 TB in size.
More on S3 [here](https://aws.amazon.com/s3)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a bucket?</summary><br><b>
An S3 bucket is a resource which is similar to folders in a file system and allows storing objects, which consist of data and its meta data.
An S3 bucket is a resource which is similar to folders in a file system and allows storing objects, which consist of data.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? A bucket name must be globally unique</summary><br><b>
True
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain folders and objects in regards to buckets</summary><br><b>
* Folder - any sub folder in an s3 bucket
* Object - The files which are stored in a bucket
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following:
* Object Lifecycles
* Object Sharing
* Object Versioning</summary><br><b>
* Object Lifecycles - Transfer objects between storage classes based on defined rules of time periods
* Object Sharing - Share objects via a URL link
* Object Versioning - Manage multiple versions of an object
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Object Durability and Object Availability</summary><br><b>
Object Durability: The percent over a one-year time period that a file will not be lost
Object Availability: The percent over a one-year time period that a file will be accessible
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a storage class? What storage classes are there?</summary><br><b>
Each object has a storage class assigned to, affecting its availability and durability. This also has effect on costs.
Storage classes offered today:
* Standard:
* Used for general, all-purpose storage (mostly storage that needs to be accessed frequently)
* The most expensive storage class
* 11x9% durability
* 2x9% availability
* Default storage class
* Standard-IA (Infrequent Access)
* Long lived, infrequently accessed data but must be available the moment it's being accessed
* 11x9% durability
* 99.90% availability
* One Zone-IA (Infrequent Access):
* Long-lived, infrequently accessed, non-critical data
* Less expensive than Standard and Standard-IA storage classes
* 2x9% durability
* 99.50% availability
* Intelligent-Tiering:
* Long-lived data with changing or unknown access patterns. Basically, In this class the data automatically moves to the class most suitable for you based on usage patterns
* Price depends on the used class
* 11x9% durability
* 99.90% availability
* Glacier: Archive data with retrieval time ranging from minutes to hours
* Glacier Deep Archive: Archive data that rarely, if ever, needs to be accessed with retrieval times in hours
* Both Glacier and Glacier Deep Archive are:
* The most cheap storage classes
* have 9x9% durability
More on storage classes [here](https://aws.amazon.com/s3/storage-classes)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is Storage Gateway</summary><br><b>
"AWS Storage Gateway is a hybrid cloud storage service that gives you on-premises access to virtually unlimited cloud storage".
More on Storage Gateway [here](https://aws.amazon.com/storagegateway)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following Storage Gateway deployments types
* File Gateway
* Volume Gateway
* Tape Gateway</summary><br><b>
Explained in detail [here](https://aws.amazon.com/storagegateway/faqs)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the difference between stored volumes and cached volumes?</summary><br><b>
Stored Volumes - Data is located at customer's data center and periodically backed up to AWS
Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data center for quick access
</b></details>
#### AWS IAM
<details>

2
common-qa.md
View File

@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Personally, I really like the following sites
### How to learn more about Linux?
I gathered a list of resource [here](http://devopsbit.com/resources/linux)
I gathered a list of resource [here](https://dev.to/abregman/collection-of-linux-resources-3nhk)
For beginners, I recommend [Linux Journey](https://linuxjourney.com)
If you want to deep dive into operating systems internals, I really recommend [Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces](http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP)

2
prepare_for_interview.md
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Every DevOps Engineer should have a deep understanding of at least one operating
Usually, the followup question is "How extensive should my knowledge be?" Out of all the DevOps skills, I would say this, along with coding, should be your strongest skills. Be familiar with OS processes, debugging tools, filesystem, networking, ... know your operating system, understand how it works, how to manage issues, etc.
Not long ago, I've created a list of Linux resources right [here](http://devopsbit.com/resources/linux). There are some good sites there that you can use for learning more about Linux.
Not long ago, I've created a list of Linux resources right [here](https://dev.to/abregman/collection-of-linux-resources-3nhk). There are some good sites there that you can use for learning more about Linux.
#### Coding