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README.md
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
:information_source:  This repo contains questions and exercises on various technical topics, sometimes related to DevOps and SRE :)
:bar_chart:  There are currently **1139** questions
:bar_chart:  There are currently **1157** questions
:busts_in_silhouette:  [Join](https://www.facebook.com/groups/538897960007080) our [Facebook group](https://www.facebook.com/groups/538897960007080) or follow us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/devopsbit) for additional daily exercises, articles and more resources on DevOps
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="#cloud"><img src="images/cloud.png" width="110px;" height="75px;" alt="Cloud"/><br /><b>Cloud</b></a><br /><sub><a href="#cloud-beginner">Beginner :baby:</a></sub><br><sub></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#aws"><img src="images/aws.jpg" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="aws"/><br /><b>AWS</b></a><br /><sub><a href="#aws-beginner">Beginner :baby:</a></sub><br><sub></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#aws"><img src="images/aws.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="aws"/><br /><b>AWS</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#azure"><img src="images/azure.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="azure"/><br /><b>Azure</b></a><br /><sub><a href="#azure-beginner">Beginner :baby:</a></sub><br><sub></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#gcp"><img src="images/googlecloud.png" width="80px;" height="75px;" alt="Google Cloud Platform"/><br /><b>Google Cloud Platform</b></a><br /><sub><a href="#gcp-beginner">Beginner :baby:</a></sub><br><sub></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#openstack"><img src="images/openstack.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="openstack"/><br /><b>OpenStack</b></a><br /><sub><a href="#openstack-beginner">Beginner :baby:</a></sub><br><sub><a href="#openstack-advanced">Advanced :star:</a></sub></td>
@ -528,9 +528,6 @@ It's important to note that:
## AWS
<a name="aws-beginner"></a>
#### :baby: Beginner
#### Global Infrastructure
<details>
@ -672,6 +669,12 @@ More on this subject [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/
<summary>How to migrate an instance to another availability zone?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What can you attach to an EC2 instance in order to store data?</summary><br><b>
EBS
</b></details>
#### AWS Serverless Compute
<details>
@ -820,6 +823,14 @@ Stored Volumes - Data is located at customer's data center and periodically back
Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data center for quick access
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration"?</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration enables fast, easy, and secure transfers of files over long distances between your client and an S3 bucket"
Learn more [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/transfer-acceleration.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain data consistency</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
@ -836,6 +847,33 @@ Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data cente
<summary>What storage options are there for EC2 Instances?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### AWS Disaster Recovery
<details>
<summary>In regards to disaster recovery, what is RTO and RPO?</summary><br><b>
RTO - The maximum acceptable length of time that your application can be offline.
RPO - The maximum acceptable length of time during which data might be lost from your application due to an incident.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What types of disaster recovery techniques AWS supports?</summary><br><b>
* The Cold Method - Periodically backups and sending the backups off-site<br>
* Pilot Light - Data is mirrored to an environment which is always running
* Warm Standby - Running scaled down version of production environment
* Multi-site - Duplicated environment that is always running
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which disaster recovery option has the highest downtime and which has the lowest?</summary><br><b>
Lowest - Multi-site
Highest - The cold method
</b></details>
#### AWS CloudFormation
<details>
@ -924,6 +962,14 @@ More on the shared responsibility model [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance
False. It is responsible for Hardware in its sites but not for security groups which created and managed by the users.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain "Shared Controls" in regards to the shared responsibility model</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "apply to both the infrastructure layer and customer layers, but in completely separate contexts or perspectives. In a shared control, AWS provides the requirements for the infrastructure and the customer must provide their own control implementation within their use of AWS services"
Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the AWS compliance program?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
@ -935,6 +981,8 @@ False. It is responsible for Hardware in its sites but not for security groups w
* AWS Artifact
* AWS GuardDuty
* AWS Shield</summary><br><b>
* AWS Shield - AWS definition: "AWS Shield is a managed Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) protection service that safeguards applications running on AWS."
</b></details>
<details>
@ -993,6 +1041,8 @@ False.
<details>
<summary>What is AWS Redshift and how is it different than RDS?</summary><br><b>
cloud data warehouse
</b></details>
<details>
@ -1120,13 +1170,13 @@ Trusted Advisor
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What service allows you to transfer large amounts (Petabytes) of data in and out of the AWS cloud?</summary><br><b>
<summary>Which service allows you to transfer large amounts (Petabytes) of data in and out of the AWS cloud?</summary><br><b>
AWS Snowball
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What provides a virtual network dedicated to your AWS account?</summary><br><b>
<summary>Which service provides a virtual network dedicated to your AWS account?</summary><br><b>
VPC
</b></details>
@ -1138,9 +1188,9 @@ Amazon Aurora
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What would you use to migrate on-premise Oracle database to AWS?</summary><br><b>
<summary>What would you use to migrate on-premise database to AWS?</summary><br><b>
AWS Database Migration Service
AWS Database Migration Service (DMS)
</b></details>
<details>
@ -1197,6 +1247,48 @@ AWS Organizations
AWS WAF
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>You would like to monitor some of your resources in the different services. Which service would you use for that?</summary><br><b>
CloudWatch
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use for creating DNS record?</summary><br><b>
Route 53
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use if you need messaging queue?</summary><br><b>
Simple Queue Service (SQS)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use if you need managed DDOS protection?</summary><br><b>
AWS Shield
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use if you need store frequently used data for low latency access?</summary><br><b>
ElastiCache
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What would you use to transfer files over long distances between a client and an S3 bucket?</summary><br><b>
Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use for distributing incoming requests across multiple?</summary><br><b>
Route 53
</b></details>
#### AWS DNS
<details>
@ -1339,6 +1431,10 @@ Learn more about AWS Athena [here](https://aws.amazon.com/athena)
<details>
<summary>What is AWS EMR?</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "big data platform for processing vast amounts of data using open source tools such as Apache Spark, Apache Hive, Apache HBase, Apache Flink, Apache Hudi, and Presto."
Learn more [here](https://aws.amazon.com/emr)
</b></details>
<details>
@ -1360,6 +1456,14 @@ AWS Lambda
AWS Athena
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Simple Queue Service (SQS)?</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications".
Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sqs)
</b></details>
## Network
<a name="network-beginner"></a>
@ -3756,35 +3860,19 @@ Kubernetes is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and mana
To understand what Kubernetes is good for, let's look at some examples:
* You would like to run a certain application in a container on multiple different locations. Sure, if it's 2-3 servers/locations, you can do it by yourself but it can be challenging to scale it up to additional multiple location.
* Performing updates and changes across hundreds of containers
* You would like to run a certain application in a container on multiple different locations. Sure, if it's 2-3 servers/locations, you can do it by yourself but it can be challenging to scale it up to additional multiple location.<br>
* Performing updates and changes across hundreds of containers<br>
* Handle cases where the current load requires to scale up (or down)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe the architecture of Kubernetes</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a Kubernetes Cluster?</summary><br><b>
A cluster consists of a Master (which coordinates the cluster) and Nodes where the applications are running.
</b></details>
Red Hat Definition: "A Kubernetes cluster is a set of node machines for running containerized applications. If you’re running Kubernetes, you’re running a cluster.
<details>
<summary>Describe in detail what the following command does <code>kubectl create deployment kubernetes-httpd --image=httpd</code></summary><br><b>
</b></details>
At a minimum, a cluster contains a worker node and a master node."
<details>
<summary>What the Master is responsible for?</summary><br><b>
The master coordinates all the workflows in the cluster:
* Scheduling applications
* Managing desired state
* Rolling out new updates
Read more [here](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers/what-is-a-kubernetes-cluster)
</b></details>
<details>
@ -3795,9 +3883,64 @@ It's recommended to have at least 3 nodes in Kubernetes production environment.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is Kubelet</summary><br><b>
<summary>What the master node is responsible for?</summary><br><b>
Kubelet is an agent running on each node and responsible for node communication with the master.
The master coordinates all the workflows in the cluster:
* Scheduling applications
* Managing desired state
* Rolling out new updates
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What do we need worker nodes for?</summary><br><b>
The workers are the nodes which run the applications and workloads.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? Every cluster must have 0 or more master nodes and 1 or more workers</summary><br><b>
False. A Kubernetes cluster consists of at least 1 master and 0 or more workers.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is a pod</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the components of the master node?</summary><br><b>
* API Server - the Kubernetes API. All cluster components communicate through it
* Scheduler - assigns an application with a worker node it can run on
* Controller Manager - cluster maintenance (replications, node failures, etc.)
* etcd - stores cluster configuration
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the components of a worker node?</summary><br><b>
* Kubelet - an agent responsible for node communication with the master.
* Kube-proxy - load balancing traffic between app components
* Container runtime - the engine runs the containers (Podman, Docker, ...)
</b></details>
#### Basic Commands
<details>
<summary>Which command you run to view your nodes?</code></summary><br><b>
`kubectl get nodes`
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which command you run to view all pods running on all namespaces?</code></summary><br><b>
`kubectl get pods --all-namespaces`
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe in detail what the following command does <code>kubectl create deployment kubernetes-httpd --image=httpd</code></summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
@ -3806,10 +3949,6 @@ Kubelet is an agent running on each node and responsible for node communication
Minikube is a lightweight Kubernetes implementation. It create a local virtual machine and deploys a simple (single node) cluster.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is a Kubernetes pod</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? A pod can manage multiple containers</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
@ -3912,7 +4051,7 @@ It includes:
<summary>What the following commands do?
* kubectl get nodes
* kubectl </summary><br><b>
* kubectl get pods --all-namespaces</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>

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certificates/cka.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
## Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA)
#### Basic Commands
<details>
<summary>Which command you run to view your nodes?</code></summary><br><b>
`kubectl get nodes`
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which command you run to view all pods running on all namespaces?</code></summary><br><b>
`kubectl get pods --all-namespaces`
</b></details>

106
certificates/cloud-practitioner.md
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@ -176,6 +176,12 @@ Dedicated Hosts - physical EC2 server dedicated for your use.
More on this subject [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-security-groups.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What can you attach to an EC2 instance in order to store data?</summary><br><b>
EBS
</b></details>
#### AWS Storage
<details>
@ -298,6 +304,14 @@ Stored Volumes - Data is located at customer's data center and periodically back
Cached Volumes - Data is stored in AWS cloud and cached at customer's data center for quick access
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration"?</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration enables fast, easy, and secure transfers of files over long distances between your client and an S3 bucket"
Learn more [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/transfer-acceleration.html)
</b></details>
#### AWS IAM
<details>
@ -474,6 +488,14 @@ More on the shared responsibility model [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance
False. It is responsible for Hardware in its sites but not for security groups which created and managed by the users.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain "Shared Controls" in regards to the shared responsibility model</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "apply to both the infrastructure layer and customer layers, but in completely separate contexts or perspectives. In a shared control, AWS provides the requirements for the infrastructure and the customer must provide their own control implementation within their use of AWS services"
Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the AWS compliance program?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
@ -543,6 +565,8 @@ False.
<details>
<summary>What is AWS Redshift and how is it different than RDS?</summary><br><b>
cloud data warehouse
</b></details>
<details>
@ -624,9 +648,9 @@ Amazon Aurora
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What would you use to migrate on-premise Oracle database to AWS?</summary><br><b>
<summary>What would you use to migrate on-premise database to AWS?</summary><br><b>
AWS Database Migration Service
AWS Database Migration Service (DMS)
</b></details>
<details>
@ -683,6 +707,42 @@ AWS Organizations
AWS WAF
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>You would like to monitor some of your resources in the different services. Which service would you use for that?</summary><br><b>
CloudWatch
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use for creating DNS record?</summary><br><b>
Route 53
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use if you need messaging queue?</summary><br><b>
Simple Queue Service (SQS)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use if you need managed DDOS protection?</summary><br><b>
AWS Shield
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which service would you use if you need store frequently used data for low latency access?</summary><br><b>
ElastiCache
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What would you use to transfer files over long distances between a client and an S3 bucket?</summary><br><b>
Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration
</b></details>
#### AWS Billing & Support
<details>
@ -762,6 +822,14 @@ AWS Lambda
AWS Athena
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is AWS EMR?</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "big data platform for processing vast amounts of data using open source tools such as Apache Spark, Apache Hive, Apache HBase, Apache Flink, Apache Hudi, and Presto."
Learn more [here](https://aws.amazon.com/emr)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is AWS Athena?</summary><br><b>
@ -770,6 +838,40 @@ AWS Athena
Learn more about AWS Athena [here](https://aws.amazon.com/athena)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Simple Queue Service (SQS)?</summary><br><b>
AWS definition: "Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications".
Learn more about it [here](https://aws.amazon.com/sqs)
</b></details>
#### AWS Disaster Recovery
<details>
<summary>In regards to disaster recovery, what is RTO and RPO?</summary><br><b>
RTO - The maximum acceptable length of time that your application can be offline.
RPO - The maximum acceptable length of time during which data might be lost from your application due to an incident.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What types of disaster recovery techniques AWS supports?</summary><br><b>
* The Cold Method - Periodically backups and sending the backups off-site<br>
* Pilot Light - Data is mirrored to an environment which is always running
* Warm Standby - Running scaled down version of production environment
* Multi-site - Duplicated environment that is always running
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which disaster recovery option has the highest downtime and which has the lowest?</summary><br><b>
Lowest - Multi-site
Highest - The cold method
</b></details>
### Final Note
Good luck! You can do it :)